石英Al心和Ti-Li心电子自旋共振信号测年结果对比：以腾格里沙漠白碱湖地区BJ14钻孔中沉积物为例

早—中更新世沉积年代的确定是第四纪研究领域亟待解决的难题,电子自旋共振（ESR）测年法为该时段沉积物定年提供了可能。但已有的研究发现：石英Ti心和Al心ESR信号完全衰退“回零”或达到较稳定“残留”所需时间较长,因而其可信性备受质疑。本研究选取腾格里沙漠白碱湖地区BJ14钻孔中5个不同深度的沉积物,分别基于其中石英Ti心和Al心信号进行了ESR定年。测年结果显示：（1）2个样品基于Al心ESR信号与基于Ti-Li心ESR信号的测年结果在年龄误差范围内一致,其它3个样品Al心ESR测年结果较Ti-Li心测年结果偏老200—500 ka;（2）与该孔的古地磁测年结果对比表明,石英Ti-Li心ESR测年结果相对可靠。上述研究结果表明石英Ti-Li心的ESR测年结果至少能提供中更新世更为可信的沉积年龄。     

110℃热释光陷阱光转移现象的数值模拟

在光释光（optically stimulated luminescence,OSL）测年流程中,通常采用预热（180—260℃）来去除低温区不稳定的信号。尽管预热过程中浅陷阱（如110℃陷阱）电子被清空,但在之后的光照过程中由较深陷阱进入导带的电子会再次进入浅陷阱并发生积累,这种现象称为光转移（photo-transfer）。本文以110℃热释光（thermoluminescence,TL）信号的实验数据为基础,模拟了光转移现象,研究了不同实验条件（激发温度、光子通量）和不同动力学参数（110℃ TL陷阱的空间容量、入陷概率、光电离截面）对光转移过程的影响,结果显示：激发温度越高、光子通量越大、110℃ TL陷阱的光电离横截面越大,光转移信号越弱;110℃ TL陷阱的空间容量和入陷概率越大,光转移信号越强。模拟结果揭示了影响光转移程度的因素,加深了对光激发过程中OSL信号产生的物理机制的认识。     

Relationship between (210)Pb(ex) activity and sedimentary organic carbon in sediments of 3 Chinese lakes

This report demonstrates that organic matter was an important factor in lake sediment ²¹⁰Pb_ex dating. Sediment cores from lakes in central and western China with different-trophic levels were collected, and the ²¹⁰Pb_ex activity and total organic carbon (TOC) were measured. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis technique was used to deconvolute TOC into free hydrocarbons (S1), thermally less-stable macromolecular organic matter (S2a), kerogen (S2b), and residual carbon (RC). The results show significant correlations between TOC and ²¹⁰Pb_ex, particularly between S2a and ²¹⁰Pb_ex, in all the sediment cores. This indicated that the algal-derived organic component S2a may play the most important role in controlling the distribution of ²¹⁰Pb_ex. Scavenging by algal-derived organic matter may be the main mechanism. As chronology is the key to the understanding of pollution reconstruction and early diagenesis in sediments, more attention should be paid to the influence of organic matter on ²¹⁰Pb_ex.     

陕西五曲湾滑坡发育特征和~(14)C测龄

在陕西省凤翔县五曲湾滑坡的滑带土中发现一段树根,表面被炭化,并且发生了强烈的剪切变形,分析认为此乃滑坡滑动所致。经过14C测龄,年龄为462±45年B.P,这一年龄与地质分析获取的认识基本吻合,与1556年"华县大地震"发生的年份非常接近,从而为研究五曲湾滑坡的触发机制提供了重要依据。最后提出,如果在滑带土中发现可用于定年的样品,采用14C法测定滑坡年龄,是对滑坡进行定年的有效途径。     

Holocene dynamics of forest ecosystems on the upper plateau of the Volga Upland

Main stages in the development of forest ecosystems on the upper plateau of the Volga Upland in the Holocene have been reconstructed by analyzing palynological assemblages from peat deposits. Dominance of the forest landscape in the region began in the Boreal time. Pine and, to a lesser extent, birch were the main forest-forming species, whereas the role of spruce was never significant. Broad-leaved species appeared in forests in the early Atlantic time. The formation of floodplain and upland bogs began at the end of the Boreal time and in the first half of the Atlantic time, respectively. Significant anthropogenic changes in the vegetation began in the Subboreal time.     

Nutrient fluxes in a eutrophic coastal Louisiana freshwater lake

Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in a eutrophic Louisiana freshwater lake system (Lac des Allemands) was studied. Nutrients from runoff entering the lake, as well as sediment-interstitial and lake water nitrogen and phosphorus fractions, were measured seasonally. Sedimentation rates in the lake were determined using¹³⁷Cs dating.Phosphorus levels in the lake were found to be largely dependent on concentrations in the incoming bayou water from upland drainage. Lake water concentrations appear to respond to fluctuations in incoming waters. Laboratory equilibrium studies showed bottom sediments in the lake are a major sink for the incoming dissolved orthophosphate phosphorus. Total nitrogen concentrations in the lake water generally exceeded incoming runoff concentrations, suggesting fixation by the large blue-green algae population in the lake as being the major source of nitrogen to the system.Sedimentation ranged from 0.44 cm/year to 0.81 cm/year, depending on the proximity to the inlet bayous. Even though the lake is eutrophic the sediment served as a buffer by removing large amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through sedimentation processes. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were accumulating in the sediment at rates of 60, 7.1, and 1.1 g/m²/year, respectively.The water quality of the lake is likely to continue to decline unless measures are taken to reduce municipal, industrial, and agricultural inputs of phosphorus into the lake.     

湘东北地区石蛤蟆花岗岩体SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

分布于湖南东北部的石蛤蟆岩体侵位于新元古代地层中。由微细粒斑状黑云母花岗闪长岩和细粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩等两期侵入体组成。通过锆石SHRIMP U-Pb法测得岩体侵位年龄为157±2 Ma(2σ),MSWD=0.98,成岩时代为晚侏罗世。SiO2=68.26%～68.53%,K2O/Na2O=1.37～1.59,岩石属镁质、准铝质-微过铝质、高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列;岩石明显富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,Rb/Sr较低(0.40～0.56);ΣREE较高(171.48～183.81),Eu为弱负异常(δEu=0.86～0.93),(La/Yb)N=27.11～45.87;具较高的εNd值(-5.11)和高T2DM(1.63 Ga)。综合研究表明,石蛤蟆花岗岩为混合源高钾钙碱性花岗岩类(KCG),其花岗岩浆有大量幔源物质加入。讨论认为岩体形成于构造体制转换下的地球动力学背景,是造山晚期张弛作用下的产物。     

黄河三角洲及邻近海域沉积物137Cs和210Pbex断代的适用性

¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex定年是确定近百年来浅层湖泊沉积物年代学框架的首选方法,然而,该方法在河口滩地及邻近海域沉积物断代中的适用性仍然不清。本文以渤海黄河三角洲为研究对象,通过钻孔采集了1929～1990年间四个不同成陆年限的淤成土泥芯,分析了¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex活度及粒度的深度分布特征;结合已报道的邻近海域水下地形特征、沉积物特性、沉积构造等资料,讨论了黄河口泥沙沉积和三角洲形成的特点,评价了沉积物¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex断代法在该区域的适用性。结果表明,黄河三角洲是由入海口冲积扇不断向前推进而形成,具有快速且不均匀沉积的特点。20世纪50～70年代大气层核试验产生的放射性同位素¹³⁷Cs是黄河三角洲和邻近海域沉积物断代可靠的示踪物,含¹³⁷Cs的沉积物可被确定为1963年(或1954年)以来的沉积物。²¹⁰Pb_ex是大气持续沉降的天然放射性尘埃,不适用于具有快速且不均匀沉积特点的入海口水下冲积扇沉积物断代;水下冲积扇成陆后,地面继续承接²¹⁰Pb_ex核数沉降,因此,²¹⁰Pb_ex也不适用于黄河陆地三角洲的沉积物断代。泥沙的沉积速率在远离水下冲积扇的海域较低,且经水面沉降至海底的²¹⁰Pb_ex比例较高,沉积物的²¹⁰Pb_ex深度分布曲线形态类似于稳定环境的湖泊、海湾。计算沉积速率的CIC和CRS模型未考虑核素的向下扩散迁移过程,这可能会导致估算的黄河三角洲邻近海域泥沙沉积速率偏大。     

金沙江中游奉科湖相层ESR年代学研究及成因探讨

不同流域大量发育的沉积物不仅记录了晚新生代的气候信息,也为地貌演化等研究提供了重要依据。我国著名的第四纪地质单元——昔格达组,在青藏高原东南缘地区的大河流域中广泛发育,如攀枝花地区金沙江湖相地层。因此,对该地区湖相地层的沉积特征、形成时代及其成因机制的研究具有重要意义,但其形成时代至今仍存在较大争议。昔格达组颜色上以黄色、灰白色为主,厚度介于几十米到几百米,主要由黏土、粉沙、细沙等细粒组分组成,发育水平层理多数呈半成岩状态;该套地层的分布受现今河流的严格控制,呈孤立状态分布于金沙江及其支流的河谷中。本文在金沙江中游奉科地区发现出露典型湖相地层,厚约20 m,在奉科剖面采集5个样品,开展ESR年代学研究,结果表明：该套湖相地层年龄为440—556 ka,属于中更新世沉积。野外地质地貌考察结果显示：该套湖相地层直接超覆于基岩之上,且在上覆湖相地层中未发现砾石层和沙层等典型的河流相二元结构,结合ESR测年结果,初步判断奉科湖相地层为大型滑坡堵塞金沙江形成的堰塞湖沉积。     

调整AHP法结合137Cs计年评价滇池沉积物综合质量

评价沉积物综合质量及了解其演变情况时,常会受困于缺乏监测数据尤其是历史数据,将¹³⁷Cs计年法与一般的取样测试相配合,可以较方便地解决此问题.确定加权环境质量综合指数的权值时采用了调整的层次分析法(AHP法),调整主要针对AHP法的两两比较环节,使得仅需依据对监测数据的运算便可完成各因子相对重要性的两两比较并构造判断矩阵,以克服应用AHP法时存在于此环节的主观随意性.据此计算了滇池各湖区沉积物的质量综合指数,各湖区沉积物的综合质量均呈现随时间延续污染加重,这可能与滇池流域的工业发展与布局有关,因此,有必要将控制工业排放与其它治理措施结合,以改善滇池沉积物的质量,防止沉积物中的重金属成为二次污染源.